Tag: PM 2.5
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Association of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels
Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) significantly elevates HbA1c levels through systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, increasing type 2 diabetes risk and metabolic complications in urban populations worldwide.