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Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2040: The WHO 90-70-90 Strategy for Global Health Equity

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dr. Karunia Valeriani Japar

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Introduction: Toward a World Free from Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is largely preventable malignancy that continues to impose a disproportionate burden on women in low- and middle-income countries, where limited access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical screening contributes to avoidable morbidity and mortality. In response to this persistent inequity, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer as a Public Health Problem, setting an ambitious timeline of Cervical Cancer as a Public Health Problem, setting an ambitious timeline to achieve elimination by 2040 through defined coverage targets for vaccination, screening, and treatment.

Cervical Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is positioned within this global agenda as an opportunity to intensify implementation of evidence-based prevention, with a specific emphasis on closing gaps in HPV vaccine uptake and access to high-quality screening services across diverse health system settings. The 2026 theme underscores the need to move beyond awareness toward measurable action by aligning national programs, professional societies, and community initiatives to ensure that effective primary and secondary prevention strategies reach underserved an high-risk populations.

For clinicians, public health practitioners, and policymakers, the current period represents a critical window to operationalize elimination goals by integrating HPV vaccination into routine immunization schedules, scaling organized cervical screening with validated technologies, and strengthening referral pathways for precancer and cancer management. Achieving a world free from cervical cancer will depend on sustained political commitment, adequate resource allocation, and strategic use of innovation, including digital health and data-driven approaches to monitor coverage, reduce inequalities, and accelerate progress toward the 2040 elimination target.

Global Burden and Progress So Far

Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem, with an estimated 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths globally in 2022, making it the fourth most common cancer among women. The burden is highly concentrated in low- and middle-income countries, which account for nearly 90% of deaths, reflecting structural inequities in access to HPV vaccination, screening, and timely treatment [1].

Marked regional disparities persist: age-standardized incidence rates exceed 40 per 100,000 women in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, compared with fewer that 7 per 100,000 in many high-income countries that have implemented organized screening and HPV immunization programs. Mortality-to incidence ratios are also substantially higher in regions with constrained health system capacity, indicating late-stage diagnosis and limited availability of oncology and palliative services [2].

In 2020, the World Health Organization launched the Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer as a Public Health Problem, defining elimination as an incidence below 4 cases per 100,000 woman-years and articulating the 90-70-90 targets for 2030. 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with precancer or cancer receiving appropriate treatment. Since adoption of the strategy several high-income and upper-middle-income countries have reported substantial declines in HPV infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cervical cancer among vaccinated cohorts, providing real-world proof-of-concept for elimination in settings with high coverage [3,4].

Progress at the global level includes expansion of HPV vaccine introduction in national immunization schedules, particularly through Gavi-supported programs, and a gradual shift from cytology-based screening toward HPV DNA testing, which offers higher sensitivity and compatibility with self-sampling approaches. Nonetheless, coverage gaps remain pronounced: many low-resource countries still lack nationwide screening toward HPV DNA testing, which offers higher sensitivity and compatibility with self-sampling approaches. Nonetheless, coverage gaps remain pronounced: many low-resource countries still lack nationwide screening programs, HPV vaccine supply and delivery are inconsistent, and disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic have further widened inequalities in preventive and curative services. Sustained investment, integration of  WHO guidance are therefore critical to translate the global strategy from policy into tangible and equitable reductions in incidence and mortality worldwide [5].

HPV Infection: The Rooth Cause and Opportunity for Prevention

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of nearly all cervical cancers, establishing a direct etiological link that is unique among major human malignancies. Persistent infection with high-risk oncogenic types predominantly HPV-16 and HPV-18, triggers a cascade of cellular alterations driven by the expression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. These proteins inactive key tumor suppressors, including p53 and retinoblastoma (pRb), leading to genomic instability, uncontrolled cell proliferation, and eventually, the development of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinoma [6,7].

Figure 1. Mechanism of human papillomavirus (HPV) carcinogenesis [6]

The natural history of cervical cancer typically characterized by a lag of 15 5o 20 years between initial HPV infection and the development of invasive disease, offers a critical window for public health intervention. This invasive disease, offers a crucial window for public health intervention. This extended latency period means that interrupting the transmission high-risk HPV types through primary prevention can effectively halt the carcinogenic process before it begins. Consequently, widespread implementation of prophylactic HPV vaccination serves as the foundational pillar for elimination, with the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by nearly 90% in fully vaccinated cohorts [8,9].

Real-world data from countries with established immunization programs have already demonstrated the power of this strategy, showing dramatic reductions in the prevalence of vaccine-targeted HPV type and associated precancerous lesions. By combining high vaccine coverage with effective screening to detect and treat existing infections, the global health community possesses the tools not only to control but to virtually eradicate cervical cancer as a public health threat in the coming decades [10,11].

The Power of Prevention: Vaccination and Screening as Dual Pillars

The global strategy to eliminate cervical cancer rests on the synergistic impact of two evidence-based interventions: prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and high-performance cervical screening. These “dual pillars” address different stages of the carcinogenic continuum, vaccination prevents initial infection and transmission, while screening detects and facilitates the treatment of precancerous lesions before invasive disease develops [3].

Scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports the efficacy of HPV vaccination as the primary prevention tool. Systematic reviews and real-world population data have consistently demonstrated that vaccines targeting high-risk HPV types (16 and 18) reduce the prevalence of these oncogenic infections by up to 97% in fully vaccinated cohorts. Furthermore, long-term follow-up studies indicate that girls vaccinated before age 16 have an approximately 80% to 90% lower risk of developing invasive cervical cancer compared to unvaccinated individuals, with protection extending beyond a decade without waning immunity [4,12,13].

Secondary prevention through screening remains essential for women who are already exposed to HPV or are beyond the vaccination age. Historically, cytology-based screening (Pap smears) has successfully reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality by over 50% in high-income countries with organized programs. However, the paradigm is shifting toward primary HPV DNA testing, which offer superior sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) compared to cytology (over 90% vs. ~70%). Recent clinical guidelines and modeling studies now prioritize HPV-testing, either alone or as part of co-testing because it allows for extended screening intervals and has been shown to prevent 20% to 27% more cervical cancer cases that cytology-only strategies. By integrating widespread vaccination with high-precision HPV screening, health systems can create a comprehensive safety net capable of driving cervical cancer rates below the elimination threshold of 4 per 100,000 women [14,15,16,17,18].

Bridging the Equity Gap: Access, Awareness, and Affordability

The global trajectory toward cervical cancer elimination is critically undermined by profound inequities in access to prevention and care, with the burden of disease failing disproportionately on women in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) and marginalized communities within high-income settings. These disparities are driven by a complex interplay of structural, economic, and social determinants that create a “prevention gap” where those at highest risk such as women living with HIV, those in rural areas, and those with lower socioeconomic status are at least likely to receive lifesaving interventions [1,19,20,21].

Inequalities in immunization coverage are particularly stark. While high-income countries have largely successfully integrated HPV vaccines into national schedules, many LMICs face persistent supply chain constraints, pricing barriers, and delivery challenges that limit vaccine reach. Research indicates that vaccine coverage is inversely correlated with disease burden; countries with the highest cervical cancer mortality often have the lowest vaccination rates due to fragile health infrastructure and insufficient financing. Furthermore, within countries, coverage can vary significantly by region and income, as seen in settings where decentralized governance leads to inconsistent vaccine availability and eligibility criteria, exacerbating local health inequities [2,22,23].

Screening access remains similarly stratified by geography and wealth. In many low-resource settings, screening coverage hovers below 20%, compared to over 60% in high-income nations. Barriers such as distance to clinics, out-of-pocket costs, lack of female providers, and cultural stigma surrounding reproductive health deter participation. Consequently, women in these regions are often diagnosed at advanced stages where curative treatment is unavailable or unaffordable. Bridging these gaps requires more than just clinical tools; it demands health system strengthening, community-led awareness campaigns to destigmatize screening, and the adoption of scalable, low-cost innovations like HPV self-sampling to reach the “last mile” of the population [24,25,26,27].

Digital Health and Innovation in Early Detection

Emerging technologies are reshaping the landscape of cervical cancer prevention by dismantling traditional barriers to screening and enhancing diagnostic precision. Foremost among these innovations is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cervical cytology and colposcopy. Deep learning algorithms, trained on vast datasets of cervical images, have demonstrated by the ability to detect high-grade intraepithelial lesions with sensitivity and specificity comparable to, or even exceeding, that of expert pathologists. By automating the initial triage of cytology slides and visual inspection images, AI-assisted systems can significantly reduce workload bottlenecks in pathology laboratories and standardize diagnostic quality in low-resource settings were specialized expertise in scarce [28,29,30,31,32].

Parallel to diagnostic advances, self-sampling for HPV testing represents a paradigm shift in expanding screening access. This user-centered approach allows women to collect their own vaginal samples in privacy, bypassing the discomfort and logistical constraints associated with clinician-administered pelvic examinations. Meta-analyses confirm that HPV self-sampling is not only highly acceptable to women but also achieves diagnostic accuracy for detecting CIN2+that is non-inferior to clinician-collected samples when using PCR-based assays. Furthermore, the distribution of self-sampling kits, whether via mail or community health workers, has been proven to double screening uptake among under-screened populations, making it a potent tool for reaching “last-mile” communities [7,26,33].

To ensure these innovations translate into effective care, digital registries and mobile health (mHealth) platforms are becoming essential for longitudinal patient tracking. National cancer screening registers, like those implemented in Australia, enable real-time monitoring of vaccination and screening histories, facilitating automated recall reminders and ensuring that women with abnormal results are linked to timely follow-up and treatment. In lower-income contexts, smartphone-based telepathology systems allow frontline health worker to capture and transmit cervical images for remote expert consultation, effectively bridging the gap between rural clinics and specialized oncology centers. Together, these digital and molecular tools form a cohesive ecosystem that not only expands the reach of early detection but also strengthens the continuity of care required for elimination [34,35,36].

United for Elimination: The 90-70-90 Vision in Action

The WHO Global Strategy represents a coordinated international commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem, defined as reducing the age-standardized incidence rate to below 4 cases per 100,000 women years. Central to this ambition is the “90-70-90” framework, a set of triple intervention targets to be achieved by 2030. These targets are designed to scale up primary prevention, secondary screening, and tertiary care simultaneously, ensuring that countries are on the path to elimination within the next century [3,22].

The first pillar, 90% HPV vaccination coverage, focuses on the primary prevention of infection. The target mandates that 90% of girls be fully vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15. Mathematical modeling indicates that achieving this high level of immunity in adolescent cohorts is the single most impactful driver for long-term reduction in cervical cancer, incidence, potentially preventing over 60 million deaths in low- and middle-income countries over the next century. While the initial focus is on girls, many countries are increasingly adopting gender-neutral vaccination strategies to further accelerate herd immunity and reduce the overall reservoir of HPV transmission [11,37].

The second pillar, 70% screening coverage emphasizes high performance detection. The goal requires that 70% of women be screened with a high-performance test (specifically HPV DNA testing) by age 35 and again by age 45. Shifting from opportunistic or cytology-based methods to organized, population-based HPV testing ensures higher sensitivity and allows for longer screening intervals. This precise, twice in a lifetime screening a schedule is calculated to identify the majority of women at risk of developing invasive cancer during their peak incidence years, making it a cost-effective strategy for resource-constrained settings [38,39].

The third pillar, 90% access to treatment ensures that detection leads to cure. The target specifies that 90% of women identified with precancerous lesions must receive treatment, and 90% of women with invasive cancer must be managed with appropriate oncologic care, including surgery, radiotherapy, and palliative services. This pillar addresses the critical “treatment gap” often seen in low-resource regions, where screening programs fail to link positive case to timely care. By integrating these three pillars, the 90-70-90 strategy moves beyond fragmented interventions to build a continuum of care that leaves no woman behind [40].

A Call for 2026 and Beyond

The global movement to eliminate cervical cancer has reached a pivotal juncture. As we approach the 2030 milestone for the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets, the window to fulfill the promis4e of a cervical cancer-free future is narrowing, yet the path forward has never been clearer. The convergence of political will, funding commitments from international donors, and the maturation of life-saving technologies, from single-dose HPV vaccines to AI-driven diagnostics offers an unprecedented opportunity to dismantle the structural barriers that have long perpetuated health inequities. However, translating these high-level commitments into tangible lives saved requires a unified, multisectoral offensive that transcends national borders and disciplinary silos [3,41,42].

Governments must lead this charge by cementing cervical cancer elimination as a non-negotiable pillar of universal health coverage. This entails not only securing sustainable financing for national immunization and screening programs but also strengthening primary care infrastructure to ensure these services reach the most marginalized communities. Simultaneously, the private sector and health innovators are called upon to accelerate the development and deployment of affordable, point of care technologies such as self-sampling kits and automated visual evaluation tools that can democratize access to early detection in low-resource settings. Civil society and patient advocacy groups remain the moral compass of this movement, essential for combating stigma, driving demand for services, and holding leaders accountable to their pledges [43,44,45,46].

Ultimately, the elimination of cervical cancer is not merely a medical objective, it is a test of our collective conscience and capacity for global solidarity. By forging resilient partnerships across public and private sectors and centering equity in every strategic decision, we can ensure that the generation of girls born today will be the first to grow up in a world where cervical cancer is a relic of the past [47,48].

Conclusion

The global commitment to eliminate cervical cancer represents a defining opportunity in modern oncology and public health. As evidenced throughout this review, the scientific tools to achieve this goal, prophylactic HPV vaccination, high-precision screening, and effective treatment modalities are already in hand. Yet, the persistence of stark inequities in access and outcomes underscores that biological innovation alone is insufficient. The path to 2040 demands that these clinical pillars be reinforced by robust political will, sustainable financing, and the strategic deployment of digital health technologies to bridge the gap between availability and accessibility,

Looking ahead to 2026 and beyond, the imperative is to transition from strategy to scale. Achieving the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets will require a relentless focus on integration: embedding HPV prevention into primary health care, harmonizing screening algorithms, with national cancer, harmonizing screening algorithms with national cancer control plans, and fostering multisectoral partnerships that empower communities. By closing the implementation gaps today, the global health community can ensure that cervical cancer becomes a disease of the past, fulfilling the promise of health equity for women worldwide.

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